Helmenstine memegang gelar Ph. D. dalam ilmu biomedis dan merupakan penulis sains, pendidik, dan konsultan. Dia telah mengajar kursus sains di tingkat sekolah menengah, perguruan tinggi, dan pascasarjana.
| Jumlah |
Elemen |
Valensi |
| 1 |
Hidrogen |
(-1), +1 |
| 2 |
Helium |
0 |
| 3 |
Lithium |
+1 |
| 4 |
Berilium |
+2 |
| 5 |
Boron |
-3, +3 |
| 6 |
Karbon |
(+2), +4 |
| 7 |
Nitrogen |
-3, -2, -1, (+1), +2, +3, +4, +5 |
| 8 |
Oksigen |
-2 |
| 9 |
Fluor |
-1, (+1) |
| 10 |
Neon |
0 |
| 11 |
Sodium |
+1 |
| 12 |
Magnesium |
+2 |
| 13 |
Aluminium |
+3 |
| 14 |
Silikon |
-4, (+2), +4 |
| 15 |
Fosfor |
-3, +1, +3, +5 |
| 16 |
Belerang |
-2, +2, +4, +6 |
| 17 |
Klorin |
-1, +1, (+2), +3, (+4), +5, +7 |
| 18 |
Argon |
0 |
| 19 |
Kalium |
+1 |
| 20 |
Kalsium |
+2 |
| 21 |
Skandium |
+3 |
| 22 |
Titanium |
+2, +3, +4 |
| 23 |
Vanadium |
+2, +3, +4, +5 |
| 24 |
Chromium |
+2, +3, +6 |
| 25 |
Mangan |
+2, (+3), +4, (+6), +7 |
| 26 |
Besi |
+2, +3, (+4), (+6) |
| 27 |
Kobalt |
+2, +3, (+4) |
| 28 |
Nikel |
(+1), +2, (+3), (+4) |
| 29 |
Tembaga |
+1, +2, (+3) |
| 30 |
Seng |
+2 |
| 31 |
Gallium |
(+2). +3 |
| 32 |
Germanium |
-4, +2, +4 |
| 33 |
Arsen |
-3, (+2), +3, +5 |
| 34 |
Selenium |
-2, (+2), +4, +6 |
| 35 |
Brom |
-1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5 |
| 36 |
Krypton |
0 |
| 37 |
Rubidium |
+1 |
| 38 |
Strontium |
+2 |
| 39 |
Itrium |
+3 |
| 40 |
Zirkonium |
(+2), (+3), +4 |
| 41 |
Niobium |
(+2), +3, (+4), +5 |
| 42 |
Molibdenum |
(+2), +3, (+4), (+5), +6 |
| 43 |
Teknesium |
+6 |
| 44 |
Rutenium |
(+2), +3, +4, (+6), (+7), +8 |
| 45 |
Rhodium |
(+2), (+3), +4, (+6) |
| 46 |
Paladium |
+2, +4, (+6) |
| 47 |
Perak |
+1, (+2), (+3) |
| 48 |
Kadmium |
(+1), +2 |
| 49 |
Indium |
(+1), (+2), +3 |
| 50 |
Timah |
+2, +4 |
| 51 |
Antimon |
-3, +3, (+4), +5 |
| 52 |
Telurium |
-2, (+2), +4, +6 |
| 53 |
Yodium |
-1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5, +7 |
| 54 |
Xenon |
0 |
| 55 |
Cesium |
+1 |
| 56 |
Barium |
+2 |
| 57 |
Lantanum |
+3 |
| 58 |
Cerium |
+3, +4 |
| 59 |
Praseodymium |
+3 |
| 60 |
Neodymium |
+3, +4 |
| 61 |
Promethium |
+3 |
| 62 |
Samarium |
(+2), +3 |
| 63 |
Europium |
(+2), +3 |
| 64 |
Gadolinium |
+3 |
| 65 |
Terbium |
+3, +4 |
| 66 |
Disprosium |
+3 |
| 67 |
Holmium |
+3 |
| 68 |
Erbium |
+3 |
| 69 |
Thulium |
(+2), +3 |
| 70 |
Ytterbium |
(+2), +3 |
| 71 |
Lutetium |
+3 |
| 72 |
Hafnium |
+4 |
| 73 |
Tantalum |
(+3), (+4), +5 |
| 74 |
Tungsten |
(+2), (+3), (+4), (+5), +6 |
| 75 |
Renium |
(-1), (+1), +2, (+3), +4, (+5), +6, +7 |
| 76 |
Osmium |
(+2), +3, +4, +6, +8 |
| 77 |
Iridium |
(+1), (+2), +3, +4, +6 |
| 78 |
Platinum |
(+1), +2, (+3), +4, +6 |
| 79 |
Emas |
+1, (+2), +3 |
| 80 |
Air raksa |
+1, +2 |
| 81 |
Talium |
+1, (+2), +3 |
| 82 |
Memimpin |
+2, +4 |
| 83 |
Bismut |
(-3), (+2), +3, (+4), (+5) |
| 84 |
Polonium |
(-2), +2, +4, (+6) |
| 85 |
Astatin |
? |
| 86 |
Radon |
0 |
| 87 |
Francium |
? |
| 88 |
Radium |
+2 |
| 89 |
Aktinium |
+3 |
| 90 |
Torium |
+4 |
| 91 |
Protaktinium |
+5 |
| 92 |
Uranium |
(+2), +3, +4, (+5), +6 |
Ada kesalahan. Silakan coba lagi.